Chapter 1

"Outlaws From the West"

• AD, M. (2009). Eyelid Closure at Death. Indian Journal of Palliative Care, 15(2), 108–110. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1075.58454
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• Cambridge English Dictionary. (2025). Schiffen. In Cambridge English Dictionary. K Dictionaries Ltd. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/schiffen
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• DeGroot, D. (2019, August 26). People Once Lived for 23 Days Buried Under 25 Feet of Snow in This Abandoned Colorado Ghost Town. Our Community Now. https://ourcommunitynow.com/P/people-once-lived-for-23-days-buried-under-25-feet-of-snow-in-this-abandoned-colorado-ghost-town
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• Flynn. (2010, September 16). Southwestern Colorado’s Animas Forks: A Ghost Town Comes to Life. Bureau of Land Management. https://web.archive.org/web/20100916225653/http://www.blm.gov/education/feature/1999/co/
• Freedman, J. (2017). Strategic inventions of the Napoleonic Wars. Cavendish Square.
• Geneanet. (2022). Origin, popularity and meaning of the last name SCHIFFER. In Geneanet. https://en.geneanet.org/surnames/SCHIFFER
• General Kinematics. (2017, October 25). 5 Old and Abandoned Mining Towns. General Kinematics. https://www.generalkinematics.com/blog/5-old-abandoned-mining-towns/
• Geoghegan. (2013, March 6). The story of how the tin can nearly wasn’t. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21689069
• Gilbride, T. (2015, February 25). How funeral directors keep your eyes closed after you die. Mashable. https://mashable.com/archive/eyes-closed-after-death
• HarperCollins. (2024). Schiffen. In Collins German-English Dictionary. HarperCollins Publishers. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/schiffen
• Hendee, C. (2019, September 8). This Colorado ghost town is one of the most intact in the state. KUSA.Com. https://www.9news.com/article/life/style/colorado-guide/this-colorado-ghost-town-is-one-of-the-most-intact-in-the-state/73-aee08db9-773a-4f31-a71c-b74583b24b56
• HISTORY. (n.d.). Pharmacist Introduces Kerosene Lamp, Saves Whales. HISTORY. Retrieved April 14, 2025, from https://web.archive.org/web/20190609140011/https://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/pharmacist-introduces-kerosene-lamp-saves-whales/
• Hobson, A. (Ed.). (2004). The Oxford dictionary of difficult words. Oxford University Press.
• Hoozer, G. V. (2000, February 1). Once Common Hitching Posts Now Rare. Farm Collector. https://www.farmcollector.com/equipment/hitching-posts-now-rare/
• Hughes, A. (2020, February 17). Oh, Schlitz: How a Historic Ad Campaign Helped Kill America’s Biggest Beer Brand. VinePair. https://vinepair.com/articles/schlitz-history-ad-campaign/
• IMH. (2012, July 12). Missouri Fox Trotter. International Museum of the Horse. https://archive.md/HZjd
• Krempholtz, E. (2024, October 15). The Colorado Flag its History and Meaning. https://coloradoinfo.com/blog_post/the-colorado-flag-history-meaning/
• Lada, B. (2025, February 12). “Snow King” Blizzard, Arctic outbreak still unmatched over 125 years later. AccuWeather. https://www.accuweather.com/en/winter-weather/the-snow-king-blizzard-great-arctic-outbreak-of-1899/1140132
• Lang, R. E., Popper, D. E., & Popper, F. J. (1995). “Progress of the Nation”: The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier. Western Historical Quarterly, 26(3), 289–307. https://doi.org/10.2307/970654
• Letter to the editor: Word meanings change over time. (2018, July 25). The Sun Chronicle. https://www.thesunchronicle.com/opinion/letters_to_editor/letter-to-the-editor-word-meanings-change-over-time/article_fbec8d68-28c6-518b-985d-5b30864cc6fd.html
• Lindeman, a F. (2012, January 25). Heinz brings beans back to U.S. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. https://www.post-gazette.com/business/businessnews/2012/01/25/Heinz-brings-beans-back-to-U-S/stories/201201250251
• litz, M. (2022, September 15). The Complicated History of Corned Beef. Food & Wine. https://www.foodandwine.com/news/complicated-irish-history-corned-beef
• MacDonald, R. (2017, April 19). Historical Recipe Project: Scottish (Canadian) Oatcakes. ASI Heritage. https://asiheritage.ca/scottish-canadian-oatcakes/
• Mäkinen, T. (2009). The N-Bomb: A study of attitudes towards English and Finnish terms that refer to black people [Bachelor’s thesis, University of Jyväskylä]. https://jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/20037/1/M%C3%A4kinen_tommi.pdf
• McIntire, T. (2024, September 2). In the Can: Civil War Food Preservation. National Museum of Civil War Medicine. https://www.civilwarmed.org/in-the-can-civil-war-food-preservation/
• Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). DARKY. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved April 7, 2025, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/darky
• Mertes, A. (2021, January 23). Who Invented the Lantern and Why? Quality Logo Products. https://web.archive.org/web/20210123073741/https://www.qualitylogoproducts.com/blog/the-bright-history-of-the-lantern-who-invented-it/
• Milner, C. A., O’Connor, C. A., & Sandweiss, M. A. (1994). The Oxford history of the American West. Oxford University Press.
• Moncur. (2019, August 3). Pennies on dead people’s eyes. Stuff ’n Other Stuff. https://moncurdg.com/2019/08/03/pennies-on-dead-peoples-eyes/
• Nash, G. D. (1980). The Census of 1890 and the Closing of the Frontier. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, 71(3), 98–100.
• NCDC. (n.d.). Climate History: The Great Arctic Outbreak of February 1899. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved April 14, 2025, from https://web.archive.org/web/20150221060513/https:/www.ncdc.noaa.gov/news/climate-history-great-arctic-outbreak-february-1899
• NCEI. (n.d.). State Climate Extremes Committee (SCEC). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved April 14, 2025, from https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/scec/records/all/tmin
• Olsson, T. C. (2024). Red Dead’s History: A Video Game, an Obsession, and America’s Violent Past. St. Martin’s Press. https://amzn.to/3E9pgRI
• Pabst Brewing Company. (2020, September 26). Pabst Brewing Resurrects Schaefer Beer, “New York’s Original Lager.” Brewbound. https://www.brewbound.com/news/pabst-brewing-resurrects-schaefer-beer-new-yorks-original-lager
• Patterson, R. M. (1998). Butch Cassidy: A Biography. University of Nebraska Press.
• Paulson, D. (2020, September 28). History of the Revenue Mine. Ouray County Plaindealer. https://web.archive.org/web/20200928112831/https://www.ouraynews.com/history-revenue-mine-0
• Piatti-Farnell, L. (2013). Beef: A Global History. Reaktion Books.
• Róheim, G. (1946). Charon and the obolos. Psychiatric Quarterly, 20(1), 160–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01575064
• Roth, R. (2012). American Homicide. Belknap Press.
• Ryder-Davies, P., & Zeuner, D. (1998). The Suffolk. In The Working Horse Manual (pp. 18–19). Farming Press.
• Sares, M. A., Gusey, D. L., & Neubert, J. T. (1998). Abandoned Mines and Naturally Occurring Acid Rock Drainage on National Forest System Lands in Colorado. Colorado Geological Survey.
• Sasinoski, M. (2011). Homicide Trends in America: 1850-1950 [Thesis, Carnegie Mellon University]. https://doi.org/10.1184/R1/6686069.v1
• Smith, G. H. (1943). The History of the Comstock Lode 1850-1920 (First Edition). Nevada State Bureau of Mines. https://amzn.to/43E4unz
• Temple, R. (2010). The History of Harness Racing in New England. Xlibris Corporation.
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• The United States gets the nickname Uncle Sam. (1813, September 7). Sky HISTORY. https://www.history.co.uk/this-day-in-history/07-september/the-united-states-gets-the-nickname-uncle-sam
• Tremblay, V., & Tremblay, C. (2009). The US Brewing Industry: Data and Economic Analysis (1st edition). The MIT Press. https://amzn.to/4cve6TR
• Turner, F. J. (1920). The Frontier in American History. https://amzn.to/44noCKM
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• U.S. Department of Agricultur. (2021). USDA Complete Guide to Home Canning Revised.
• Wathne, O. (2023, October 2). States That Have Stand Your Ground Laws. FindLaw. https://www.findlaw.com/criminal/criminal-law-basics/states-that-have-stand-your-ground-laws.html
• Wayne, A. T. (1899). Destruction of Birds by the Great Cold Wave of February 13 and 14, 1899. The Auk, 16(2), 197–198. https://doi.org/10.2307/4069575
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• Zimmer, B. (n.d.). New Light on “Uncle Sam.” Retrieved April 7, 2025, from https://www.vocabulary.com/articles/wordroutes/new-light-on-uncle-sam/

"Enter, Pursued by a Memory"

• Main, D. (2020, November 6). Gray wolves to be reintroduced to Colorado in unprecedented vote. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/colorado-approves-gray-wolf-reintroduction

• Purtell, J. (2020, November 18). Wolves Are Coming Back to Colorado. Now Comes the Tricky Part. Sierra. https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/wolves-are-coming-back-colorado-now-comes-tricky-part

"The Aftermath of Genesis"

• Ang, A. (2022, July 12). Cultures Explained: How did San Francisco become The World’s Gay Mecca. The Travel Intern. https://thetravelintern.com/san-francisco-lgbt/
• Arestis, S. (2019, October 4). The most gay friendly cities in the world. Nomadic Boys. https://nomadicboys.com/gayest-cities-in-the-world/
• Beard, A. F. (1909). A Crusade of Brotherhood, a History of the American Missionary Association. The Pilgrim Press.
• Bérubé, A., D’Emilio, J., & Freedman, E. B. (2010). Coming Out Under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War II (Twentieth Anniversary edition). The University of North Carolina Press. https://amzn.to/4jp5dgS
• Brenkert, n. (2015, June 23). FDR’s Forgotten Anti-Gay Sex Crusade. The Daily Beast. https://www.thedailybeast.com/franklin-d-roosevelts-forgotten-anti-gay-sex-crusade/
• Bucknell University. (n.d.). Mammal Species of the World. Bucknell University. https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14200267
• Burg, B. R. (1994). An American Seafarer in the Age of Sail: The Erotic Diaries of Philip C. Van Buskirk 1851–1870. Yale University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1dt008w
• Burg, B. R. (2001). Gay Warriors: A Documentary History from the Ancient World to the Present. NYU Press. https://amzn.to/42oUk7T
• Chauncey, G. (1994). Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Makings of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940. Basic Books.
• Davis. (2019, December 11). The Offal Truth. Digital Humanities Studio. https://docstudio.org/2019/12/11/the-offal-truth/
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• Field, R. (2020). The Navy Apprentice System, 1837-1875. Civil War Navy: The Magazine, 7(4), 4–12.
• Hagan, W. T. (1985). The Indian Rights Association: The Herbert Welsh Years, 1882-1904. University of Arizona Press.
• Lewis, W. D. (2015, March 18). A Quick Guide to Differentiate Mule Deer from White-Tailed Deer. Colorado Outdoors Online. https://coloradooutdoorsmag.com/2015/03/18/a-quick-guide-to-differentiate-mule-deer-from-white-tailed-deer/
• Loughery, J. (1998). The Other Side of Silence. The New York Times. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/l/loughery-silence.html?_r=1&oref=slogin
• McGuire. (2024, December 13). Do Grizzly Bears Still Live in Colorado? Uncover Colorado. https://www.uncovercolorado.com/grizzly-bears-in-colorado/
• Miller, J. (1974). Why the World is on the Back of a Turtle. Man, 9(2), 306–308.
• Miller, N. (1995). Out of the Past: Gay and Lesbian History from 1869 to the Present. Vintage. https://amzn.to/4ctgsTb
• Morris, R. C. (1981). Reading, ’Riting, and Reconstruction: The Education of Freedmen in the South, 1861-1870. University of Chicago Press.
• Murphy, L. R. (1988). Perverts by official order: The campaign against homosexuals by the United States Navy. Haworth Press.
• Native Knowledge 360°. (n.d.). The Impact of Words and Tips for Using Appropriate Terminology: Am I Using the Right Word? Native Knowledge 360°. https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/informational/impact-words-tips
• Navy Department. (n.d.). Living Conditions in the 19th Century US Navy. Naval History and Heritage Command. http://public2.nhhcaws.local/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/l/living-conditions-in-the-19th-century-us-navy.html
• Nolledo, M. (2016, May 12). What “Navy Strength” Booze Means, and Where to Find It. InsideHook. https://www.insidehook.com/culture/what-navy-strength-booze-means-and-where-to-find-it
• Peters, M. A., & and Mika, C. T. (2017). Aborigine, Indian, indigenous or first nations? Educational Philosophy and Theory, 49(13), 1229–1234. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2017.1279879
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• Rapoport, L. (2014, December 22). Is San Francisco still a gay mecca? San Francisco Bay Guardian. https://web.archive.org/web/20141222130710/http://www.sfbg.com/39/38/cover_gay_mecca.html
• Raypole, C. (2021, March 16). Native American vs. American Indian: Which Is Preferred? Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/native-american-vs-american-indian
• Robinson, A., & Filice, M. (2018). Turtle Island. In The Canadian Encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/turtle-island
• San Francisco Travel. (n.d.). Why San Francisco Is An International Gay Mecca. San Francisco Travel. https://www.sftravel.com/article/why-san-francisco-is-international-gay-mecca
• Shilts, R. (1994). Conduct Unbecoming: Gays and Lesbians in the U.s. Military. Fawcett Columbine.
• Sinclair, G. D. (2009). Homosexuality and the Military: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Homosexuality, 56(6), 701–718. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918360903054137
• Smith, D. (2009, July 1). Grizzly Bear History. Western Wildlife Outreach. https://westernwildlife.org/history/
• Spitzer, R. (2013, August 1). Mule deer: A common sight in Colorado. VailDaily. https://www.vaildaily.com/news/mule-deer-a-common-sight-in-colorado/
• Trefethen, J. B. (1970, February). The Return Of The White-tailed Deer. American Heritage, 21(2). https://www.americanheritage.com/return-white-tailed-deer
• U. S. Naval Institute. (2014, July 1). A Hundred Years Dry: The U.S. Navy’s End of Alcohol at Sea. USNI News. https://news.usni.org/2014/07/01/hundred-years-dry-u-s-navys-end-alcohol-sea
• Waitt, G. (2006). Gay Tourism: Culture and Context. Haworth Hospitality Press.
• Wilton, D. (2004). Word Myths. Oxford University Press.
• Wolbach Library. (n.d.). Abya Yala. Wolbach Library. https://library.cfa.harvard.edu/abya-yala

"Old Friends"

• Barnum, P. T. (1871). Struggles and Triumphs: Or, Forty Years’ Recollections of P. T. Barnum. American News Company.
• Bellis, M. (2019, July 3). History of the Telescope and Binoculars From Galileo’s Day Forward. ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-telescope-4076588
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• Blevins, M. (2017, February 2). Why “Yellow” Can Mean “Cowardly.” Today I Found Out. https://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2017/02/yellow-can-mean-cowardly/
• Etymonline. (n.d.). Yellow. Etymonline. https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=yellow
• Field Glasses. (n.d.). National Museum of American History. https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object/nmah_1456669
• Kantengwa, S. (2020, March 31). Origin of ordinary things: Binoculars. The New Times. https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/175495/Lifestyle/origin-of-ordinary-things-binoculars
• Martin, G. (2023, December 11). Yellow-belly—Meaning & Origin Of The Phrase. https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/yellow-belly.html
• Mencken, H. L. (1962). The American language, Supplement two. Knopf.
• Pro Horse Magazine. (n.d.). Lasso Ropes—Read This Before You Buy One. Pro Horse Magazine. https://prohorse.com.au/blogs/horse-rider/lasso
• Stratford, M. (n.d.). Who Invented the Lasso? The Classroom. https://www.theclassroom.com/invented-lasso-12624.html
• Weis, R. (2002). The yellow cross: The story of the last Cathars’ rebellion against the inquisition, 1290-1329. Vintage Books.
• What is Lasso Rope (Also Known as Lassoo) ? (2020, October 22). Payless Saddlery. https://paylesssaddlery.com.au/blogs/news/what-is-lasso-also-know-as-lassoo

"Who the Hell is Leviticus Cornwall?"

• Allen, I. L. (1993). The City in Slang: New York Life and Popular Speech. Oxford University Press.
• Bone, C. (n.d.). Osage Oil. In Oklahoma Historical Society. https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=OS006
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• Chen, J. (2024, June 21). Bearer Bond: Definition, How It Works, and Why They’re Valuable. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bearer_bond.asp
• Dawson, H. (2015). Deciphering the elements: Cultural meanings of water in an island setting. Accordia Research Papers, 14, 13–26.
• Duncan, A. (1978). Art Nouveau and Art Deco Lighting. Simon and Schuster.
• Durham, D. L. (1998). California’s Geographic Names: A Gazetteer of Historic and Modern Names of the State. Word Dancer Press.
• etymonline. (n.d.). Etymology of “cigar.” Etymonline. https://www.etymonline.com/word/cigar
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• Fitzgerald, N. (2015, May 28). A Brief History of Cigars (And How To Smoke One Like a Pro). Truly Experiences Blog. https://trulyexperiencesblog.com/brief-history-cigars/
• Forrest, T. (1998). The Bulfinch Anatomy of Antique China & Silver: An Illustrated Guide to Tableware, Identifying Period, Detail, and Design. Bulfinch Press.
• Globe History. (n.d.). Omniterrum. https://www.omniterrum.com/globe-history
• Gonsoulin, B. (2016, February 2). American brandy making a comeback driven by craft distillers. Chicago Tribune. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2016/02/02/american-brandy-making-a-comeback-driven-by-craft-distillers/
• HistoryNet. (2006, June 12). The Wilcox Train Robbery. HistoryNet. https://www.historynet.com/the-wilcox-train-robbery/
• Jakobsen, M. (2017, May 4). The History of the Bandana. Heddels. https://www.heddels.com/2017/05/the-history-of-the-bandana/
• Klein, M. (2000). The Life & Legend of E.h. Harriman. Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina Press.
• Kumok, Z. (2024, October 16). ’80s action movies loved a bearer bond. What happened to them? Salon. https://www.salon.com/2024/10/16/bearer-bonds-are-in-your-favorite-80s-action-movie--but-what-are-they/
• Leerhsen, C. (2020). Butch Cassidy: The True Story of an American Outlaw. Simon & Schuster. https://amzn.to/43K0HVS
• Library of Congress. (n.d.-a). History of the Cylinder Phonograph [Web page]. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/collections/edison-company-motion-pictures-and-sound-recordings/articles-and-essays/history-of-edison-sound-recordings/history-of-the-cylinder-phonograph/
• Library of Congress. (n.d.-b). Life of Thomas Alva Edison [Web page]. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/collections/edison-company-motion-pictures-and-sound-recordings/articles-and-essays/biography/life-of-thomas-alva-edison
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• MajesticCaptain8052. (2022, December 16). Constellations in the Red Dead Night Sky [Reddit Post]. R/Reddeadmysteries. https://www.reddit.com/r/reddeadmysteries/comments/znpbrz/constellations_in_the_red_dead_night_sky/
• McAuliffe, D. (n.d.). Bloodland: A Family Story of Oil, Greed and Murder on the Osage Reservation. Council Oak Books.
• Millard, A. (2005). America on Record: A History of Recorded Sound (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511800566
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• Poole, R. M. (2011, October). Who Were the Taíno, the Original Inhabitants of Columbus’ Island Colonies? Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/who-were-taino-original-inhabitants-columbus-island-73824867/
• Pulos, J. (2015, February 20). The History of Brandy. Finger Lakes Distilling. https://web.archive.org/web/20150226170241/https://fingerlakesdistilling.com/the-history-of-brandy/
• Ridpath, I. (1988). Star Tales. Lutterworth.
• Rogers, J. H. (1998). Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions. Journal of the British Astronomical Association, 108, 9–28.
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"Eastward Bound"

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